Managing Dementia

Understanding and Supporting People with Dementia

Dementia is often described as one of the most distressing conditions a person can experience. It’s crucial to approach those living with dementia with empathy, sensitivity, and patience. This can be challenging due to the wide range of symptoms associated with different types of dementia.

Recognising the Signs of Dementia

Common symptoms include:

• Difficulty solving problems

• Loss of emotional regulation

• Changes in personality

• Behavioural issues (such as aggression)

• Delusions or hallucinations

• Memory loss

Often, the person experiencing these changes may not be aware of them, which makes early recognition by family and friends especially important. However, it’s equally important not to jump to conclusions—many of these symptoms can stem from other causes, such as infections, illnesses, or malnutrition.

If you notice a sudden or significant change in someone’s behaviour or cognition, consult a GP promptly for a professional diagnosis.

Caring for a Loved One with Dementia

It’s important to remember that the person with dementia is the one truly suffering. They may not always be able to express what they’re experiencing, which can lead to challenging behaviour.

On difficult days, they may seem aggressive, rude, anxious, forgetful, or completely illogical.
On better days, you may catch glimpses of their true self—like sunshine breaking through the clouds.

Regardless of the day, they deserve dignity, respect, and compassion. Try to focus on their strengths and abilities, and engage them in activities that spark joy, such as music, art, film, walking, or crafting.

Communicating Effectively

When talking with someone who has dementia, try to block out distractions and focus on the task or conversation at hand. If they become distressed or uncooperative, avoid confrontation. Instead, try changing the subject or offering a calming distraction, such as a cup of tea or a snack, before gently returning to the topic.

If you ever feel overwhelmed, take a moment away to reset. Many carers find that a short break or a shift in focus can make a big difference.

For more guidance, the following resources are especially helpful:

• AgeUK – Practical advice and support

• CareGiver – Tips on handling behaviour

• Unforgettable – Helpful articles and tools

• DementiaUK – Expert advice and resources

Managing Challenging Behaviours

Some forms of dementia may cause behaviours that are distressing or even dangerous. Challenging behaviour refers to actions that could potentially cause harm to the person or others.

Examples include:

• Hitting, biting, or kicking

• Verbal aggression or swearing

• Wandering or getting lost

• Repetitive questioning

• Inappropriate sexual behaviour

• Self-harm or hoarding

• Urinating in unsuitable places

• Smearing or handling faeces

• Refusing care (e.g., medications, meals, hygiene)

If you find yourself in a dangerous situation, prioritise safety—leave the environment if necessary. It’s natural to hesitate, especially if the person is a loved one, but your wellbeing matters.

Report these behaviours to a GP, district nurse, or occupational therapist. They may refer the individual to a mental health specialist under the Mental Health Act 2005 to ensure appropriate support is provided.

Protecting Your Mental Health

Caring for someone with dementia can be emotionally exhausting. If their behaviour is affecting your mental health, don’t ignore it. Just as you would seek medical help for a physical injury, your emotional wellbeing deserves equal care.

Speak to your GP about therapy or counselling options. They may recommend cognitive behavioural therapy or other support services to help you cope.

Medications and Their Role

Certain medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms, but these should be used with caution due to potential side effects. Any decision about medication must be made in the individual’s best interest and should complement—not complicate—their care.

Common medications include:

• Antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, risperidone)

• Sedatives/benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam)

• Antidepressants (e.g., citalopram)

• Anticonvulsants (e.g., sodium valproate)

• Anti-dementia drugs (e.g., donepezil)

Adapting the Home for Dementia Care

Supporting a person with dementia at home may require physical and environmental changes to enhance safety, comfort, and independence.

Suggestions include:

• Using picture labels on cupboards and doors

• Writing clear instructions on appliances

• Having a professional disconnect the cooker if safety is a concern

• Employing experienced dementia carers

• Installing pre-programmed telephones for emergency contacts

• Surrounding them with familiar objects and reminders

• Setting up motion or sensory alarms if they are prone to wandering